Triatoma infestans

*Triatoma infestans*
Triatoma infestans
	Triatoma infestans
Korunma durumu
	Değerlendirilmedi (IUCN 3.1)
Biyolojik sınıflandırma
Âlem:	Animalia
Şube:	Arthropoda
Sınıf:	Insecta
Takım:	Hemiptera
Familya:	Reduviidae
Oymak:	Triatomini
Cins:	Triatoma
Tür:	T. infestans
İkili adlandırma
	Triatoma infestans Klug, 1834
Sinonimler
	Triatoma infestans melanosoma Martínez, Olmedo & Carcavallo, 1987

Triatoma infestans, Triatoma cinsine bağlı bir böcek türüdür.^[1] Arjantin, Bolivya, Uruguay ve Şili'de yaygın olarak winchuka^[2] veya vinchuca ^[3], Brezilya'da barbeiro, Venezuela'da chipo olarak da bilinen kan emici (hematofaj) böcek (Triatominae alt ailesinin hemen hemen tüm üyeleri gibi) ve Chagas hastalığına yol açabilen Trypanosoma cruzi'nin en önemli taşıyıcısıdır. Güney Amerika'nın Güney Konisi ülkelerinde yaygındır.^{[ZR 1]}

Beagle araştırma gezisi sırasında Charles Darwin, 26 Mart 1835 tarihli günlüğünde "Pampas'ın büyük kara böceği Benchuca'nın bir saldırısına uğradığını ve bu saldırının bir adı hak ettiğini yaklaşık bir inç uzunluğundaki yumuşak, kanatsız böceklerin birinin vücudunda süründüğünü hissetmek çok iğrenç; emmeden önce oldukça incedirler, ancak daha sonra yuvarlaklaşırlar ve kanla şişerler ve bu durumda kolayca ezilirler." kaydetti. Richard Keynes, bu Benchuca'yı Triatoma infestans olarak tanımlar.^[4] Darwin'in kronik Chagas hastalığından öldüğü tahmin edilmektedir.^[5]

Dağılım ve habitat

Ekolojik dağılım

Güney Amerika'da T. infestans neredeyse yalnızca ev bir türdür,^{[ZR 2]}^{[ZR 3]} özellikle Bolivya'daki Cochabamba Vadisi ile Paraguay ve Arjantin'in bazı bölgelerinde ev zararlısıdır.^{[ZR 4]}

Panstrongylus megistus, T. sordida, T. brasiliensis ve T. pseudomaculata^[6] dahil olmak üzere Chagas'ın diğer Triatominae taşıyıcılarının yerini alma eğilimindedir.^{[ZR 5]}^[6]

Coğrafi dağılım

Brezilya^{[ZR 1]} (yalnızca 1955-1964 arasında yaygın, muhtemelen güneyden Pernambuco'ya gelen göçmenler tarafından yaygın, muhtemelen iç göçle yayılmaya devam ediyor),^{[ZR 4]} El Salvador,^{[ZR 1]} Venezuela,^{[ZR 1]} Peru^{[ZR 1]} (antropik ulaşım),^{[ZR 4]} Arjantin^{[ZR 1]} (özellikle bazı bölgelerde ev zararlısı olarak),^{[ZR 4]} Paraguay (özellikle bazı bölgelerde ev zararlısı olarak).^{[ZR 4]}

Yaşam döngüsü

Dışkılama

Dışkılama, Triatominlerin T. cruzi aktarım döngüsünün merkezinde yer alır. Beslenme yoluyla doğrudan bulaşma yoktur, bunun yerine parazitlerin birikmesi kanla ilişkilidir, ancak yalnızca dışkılama ile gerçekleşir. Trumper ve Gorla 1991, bulaşmanın yayılma yoğunluğuyla ters orantılı olduğunu bulmuşlardır. Kalabalık alanlarda T. infestans birbirini kesintiye uğratma eğilimindedir ve kesintiye uğrayan beslemeler, tamamlanmış bir kan sağlamaz. T. infestans'ın doymadığında dışkılaması pek olası değildir ve bu nedenle nadiren bulaşır. Düşük yayılma yoğunluklu alanlar bu nedenle yüksek iletim oranlarına sahiptir.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

Information on Triatoma infestans and other members of Triatominae, by Andreas Rose
Information on Triatominae 17 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., by Fernando Otálora-Luna
Wikimedia Commons'ta Triatoma infestans ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur.
Vikitür'de Triatoma infestans ile ilgili ayrıntılı taksonomik bilgiler bulunur.

Kaynakça

^ "ITIS". Erişim tarihi: 23 Kasım 2023.
^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch [Quechua-English dictionary] (PDF). La Paz, Bolivya.
^ "Uruguay recibió distinción por los 20 años en que ha mantenido interrumpida la transmisión domiciliaria de la enfermedad de Chagas". Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 11 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.
^ Keynes 2001, s. 315
^ Clayton, Julie (24 Haziran 2010). "Chagas disease 101". Nature (İngilizce). 465 (n7301_supp): S4-S5. Bibcode:2010Natur.465S...3C. doi:10.1038/nature09220 . ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20571553.
^ ^a ^b Pereira, Marcos H.; Gontijo, Nelder F.; Guarneri, Alessandra A.; Sant'Anna, Maurício R.V.; Diotaiuti, Liléia (2006). "Competitive displacement in Triatominae: the Triatoma infestans success". Trends in Parasitology. Cell Press. 22 (11): 516-520. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.012. ISSN 1471-4922.
^ Krinsky, William L. (2002). Mullen, Gary; Durden, Lance (Ed.). Medical and veterinary entomology. Amsterdam Boston: Academic Press. ss. 67-86/xv-597. ISBN 978-0-12-510451-7. OCLC 50752006. 0125104510. 9780080536071.
^ Telleria, Jenny; Tibayrenc, Michel, (Ed.) (2017). American trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research. Amsterdam, Hollanda: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-801029-7. OCLC 971022099. 0128010290.
^ Sant'Anna, Maurício Roberto Viana; Soares, Adriana Coelho; Araujo, Ricardo Nascimento; Gontijo, Nelder Figueiredo; Pereira, Marcos Horácio (2017). "Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) blood intake: Physical constraints and biological adaptations". Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier. 97: 20-26. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.004. ISSN 0022-1910.

Zeledón, R; Rabinovich, J E (1981). "Chagas Disease: An Ecological Appraisal With Special Emphasis on its Insect Vectors". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 26 (1): 101-133. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.000533. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 6791582.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f p. 102, "Between 1913 and 1924 it became evident that the disease was not confined to Brazil; with some epidemiological variants, it was diagnosed in EI Salvador, Venezuela, Peru, and Argentina. From then on, reports of new cases from almost all the countries in the Western Hemisphere indicated its wide distribution (211)."
^ p. 102, "With the arrival of man, the consequent disturbance of the natural foci enabled some triatomine vectors to be introduced, either actively or passively, into the new artificial ecotopes. Those insects that had a broad ecological valence became adapted to their new niches. Thus, from exoanthropic insects they became partially or almost entirely synanthropic, occupying the household environment but with some species still preserving their natural biotopes. In this way, man and some of his domestic animals became involved in the epidemiological chain, converting the disease into a true anthropozoonosis. The ratio of domestic and sylvatic cycles depends mainly on the species of vector involved and on the socioeconomic conditions prevalent in the new environment, which prompted Prata (178) to declare that Chagas' disease today is the result of ignorance and poverty. In some areas certain species of vector have become so adapted to the house that the transmission cycle involves only man and domestic animals, a situation that could well have existed for several centuries. In other areas sylvatic foci still exist where man is not involved, and combinations of these situations occur as well."
^ p. 104, "The most domestic of these bugs is T. infestans..."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e p. 104-5, "... and it is the principal vector in extensive areas of Chile (69, 70, 149), Argentina (71), Uruguay (155), Bolivia (33, 224), Paraguay (41), Brazil (11), and southern Peru (104). The southern limit of the species seems to be in the Province of Chubut, Argentina, near the 45th parallel (110), and it has been observed as high as 3682 m above sea level in that country (44). In Brazil this species has recently (1955-1964) spread widely, probably carried in the luggage of immigrants from the south up to the northeastern State of Pernambuco (128); in the same manner, it could easily invade still other areas of the country. ... In Peru a similar situation occurred as the species was transported by man north to Lima (214). The relationship of T. infestans with man has been longstanding; it has been recognized as a household pest in different foci, such as the Cochabamba Valley in Bolivia and some parts of Paraguay and Argentina, since the early seventeenth century (124). Nevertheless it still maintains a few natural biotopes in Argentina (28, 138, 228), Paraguay (227), and Brazil (12, 23)."
^ p. 105, "Panstrongylus megistus ... It seems to compete disadvantageously with T. infestans but moves into houses when the latter is eliminated by insecticides (7)."

Keynes, Richard (2001), Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary, Cambridge University Press, 18 Eylül 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi, erişim tarihi: 23 Ağustos 2011

[ITIS-1] "ITIS". Erişim tarihi: 23 Kasım 2023.

[2] Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch [Quechua-English dictionary] (PDF). La Paz, Bolivya.

[3] "Uruguay recibió distinción por los 20 años en que ha mantenido interrumpida la transmisión domiciliaria de la enfermedad de Chagas". Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 11 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.

[keynes_315-5] Keynes 2001, s. 315

[:0-6] Clayton, Julie (24 Haziran 2010). "Chagas disease 101". Nature (İngilizce). 465 (n7301_supp): S4-S5. Bibcode:2010Natur.465S...3C. doi:10.1038/nature09220 . ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20571553.

[Pereira-et-al-2006-10] Pereira, Marcos H.; Gontijo, Nelder F.; Guarneri, Alessandra A.; Sant'Anna, Maurício R.V.; Diotaiuti, Liléia (2006). "Competitive displacement in Triatominae: the Triatoma infestans success". Trends in Parasitology. Cell Press. 22 (11): 516-520. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.012. ISSN 1471-4922.

[Krinsky-2002-12] Krinsky, William L. (2002). Mullen, Gary; Durden, Lance (Ed.). Medical and veterinary entomology. Amsterdam Boston: Academic Press. ss. 67-86/xv-597. ISBN 978-0-12-510451-7. OCLC 50752006. 0125104510. 9780080536071.

[Telleria-Tibayrenc-2017-13] Telleria, Jenny; Tibayrenc, Michel, (Ed.) (2017). American trypanosomiasis Chagas disease: one hundred years of research. Amsterdam, Hollanda: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-801029-7. OCLC 971022099. 0128010290.

[SantAnna-et-al-2017-14] Sant'Anna, Maurício Roberto Viana; Soares, Adriana Coelho; Araujo, Ricardo Nascimento; Gontijo, Nelder Figueiredo; Pereira, Marcos Horácio (2017). "Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) blood intake: Physical constraints and biological adaptations". Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier. 97: 20-26. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.004. ISSN 0022-1910.

[entire-Western-Hemisphere-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f p. 102, "Between 1913 and 1924 it became evident that the disease was not confined to Brazil; with some epidemiological variants, it was diagnosed in EI Salvador, Venezuela, Peru, and Argentina. From then on, reports of new cases from almost all the countries in the Western Hemisphere indicated its wide distribution (211)."

[domestic-sylvatic-7] . 102, "With the arrival of man, the consequent disturbance of the natural foci enabled some triatomine vectors to be introduced, either actively or passively, into the new artificial ecotopes. Those insects that had a broad ecological valence became adapted to their new niches. Thus, from exoanthropic insects they became partially or almost entirely synanthropic, occupying the household environment but with some species still preserving their natural biotopes. In this way, man and some of his domestic animals became involved in the epidemiological chain, converting the disease into a true anthropozoonosis. The ratio of domestic and sylvatic cycles depends mainly on the species of vector involved and on the socioeconomic conditions prevalent in the new environment, which prompted Prata (178) to declare that Chagas' disease today is the result of ignorance and poverty. In some areas certain species of vector have become so adapted to the house that the transmission cycle involves only man and domestic animals, a situation that could well have existed for several centuries. In other areas sylvatic foci still exist where man is not involved, and combinations of these situations occur as well."

[most-domestic-8] . 104, "The most domestic of these bugs is T. infestans..."

[SA-list-9] . 104-5, "... and it is the principal vector in extensive areas of Chile (69, 70, 149), Argentina (71), Uruguay (155), Bolivia (33, 224), Paraguay (41), Brazil (11), and southern Peru (104). The southern limit of the species seems to be in the Province of Chubut, Argentina, near the 45th parallel (110), and it has been observed as high as 3682 m above sea level in that country (44). In Brazil this species has recently (1955-1964) spread widely, probably carried in the luggage of immigrants from the south up to the northeastern State of Pernambuco (128); in the same manner, it could easily invade still other areas of the country. ... In Peru a similar situation occurred as the species was transported by man north to Lima (214). The relationship of T. infestans with man has been longstanding; it has been recognized as a household pest in different foci, such as the Cochabamba Valley in Bolivia and some parts of Paraguay and Argentina, since the early seventeenth century (124). Nevertheless it still maintains a few natural biotopes in Argentina (28, 138, 228), Paraguay (227), and Brazil (12, 23)."

[displaces-P-m-11] . 105, "Panstrongylus megistus ... It seems to compete disadvantageously with T. infestans but moves into houses when the latter is eliminated by insecticides (7)."

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[ZR 1]

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