Aşırı muhafazakârlık

Aşırı muhafazakârlık veya ultra-muhafazakârlık, siyasette veya dini uygulamalarda aşırı muhafazakâr görüşleri ifade eder.^[1]

Modern politikada, "ultra-muhafazakâr" terimi genellikle siyasi eksende aşırı sağ eksen içerisinde yer alan muhafazakârları ifade eder. Bu gruplar veya bireyler, geçici olarak siyasi ılımlılığa istekli olanlardan daha radikal sağda konumlanır ve ayrıca uç görüşlü partileri temsil eder.^[2] Ultra-muhafazakârlığın unsurları genellikle kültürel krize dayanır; sıklıkla anti-küreselleşme, göçmen karşıtlığı, milliyetçilik ve egemenlik gibi görüşleri sıkı sıkıya benimserler. Popülizm kullanır ve iç grup ve dış grup uygulamalarıyla siyasi kutuplaşmayı kullanırlar.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Çoğu ultra-muhafazakâr için temel ekonomik ideoloji neoliberalizmdir.^[6] Komplo teorilerinden de yaygın olarak yararlanılır.^[4]

Tarihçe

Amerika

Brezilya

Jair Bolsonaro'nun görev süresi boyunca ultra-muhafazakâr olarak tanımlandı ve sıklıkla görüşlerini Donald Trump ile yakın tuttu.^[5]^[7] Göreve geldiği zaman, Bolsonaro ultra-muhafazakâr Damares Alves'i İnsan Hakları ve Vatandaşlık Bakanlığına atadı.^[7]^[8] Hükûmet Amazon yağmur ormanında geniş çaplı madencilik faaliyetlerini genişleten ve Brezilya'daki yerli halklarla sıkıntılar yaşayan bir politika izledi.^[9]

Asya

Japonya

Japonya'nın uç sağ milliyetçi örgütü Nippon Kaigi, Japon Anayasası'nın 9. maddesinin değiştirilmesini desteklemesi, Japonya İmparatorluğu'nu savunması ve Japon savaş suçlarını inkâr etmesi nedeniyle "gerici" veya "ultra-muhafazakâr"^[10]^[11]^[12] olarak tanımlanmıştır.^[13] 2006 yılından bu yana, muhafazakâr Liberal Demokrat Parti (LDP) üyesi olan tüm Japon başbakanları Nippon Kaigi ile ilişkilidir.^[14] Şu anda Japonya başbakanı olan Fumio Kishida da Nippon Kaigi üyesidir.

Japonya'nın eski başbakanı Shinzo Abe, sıkça "ultra-muhafazakâr" olarak tanımlanmıştır çünkü sosyal açıdan muhafazakâr ve güçlü Japon milliyetçisi politikaları desteklemiştir.^[15]^[16] Bryan Mark Rigg, partisi LDP'yi de "ultra-muhafazakâr" olarak nitelendirmiştir.^[17]

Kaynakça

^ Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. ((Ed.)). "Ultraconservative". New Oxford American Dictionary (3.3yıl=2015 bas.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001. ISBN 9780199891535.
^ Huntington 2021, s. 4, Ultraconservatives occupy a broad section of the right-wing continuum, wedged between conservative pragmatists, those willing to moderate their views and work with the political center, and fringe extremists. ... When viewed in this light, the far right shifts from the periphery to the core of the conservative typology..
^ Barreiros, Mencía Montoya (10 Ocak 2023). "¿Qué es el neoconservadurismo?". El Orden Mundial (İspanyolca). 29 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023.
^ ^a ^b Huntington 2021, s. 4.
^ ^a ^b De Sá Guimarães, Feliciano; De Oliveira E Silva, Irma Dutra (March 2021). "Far-right populism and foreign policy identity: Jair Bolsonaro's ultra-conservatism and the new politics of alignment". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 97 (2): 345-346. doi:10.1093/ia/iiaa220. ultraconservative governments. This deep conservative identity-set emphasizes three interrelated national role conceptions: (1) an anti-globalist role, composed of narratives in opposition to international institutions; (2) a nationalist role, composed of pro-sovereignty narratives; and (3) an anti-foe role, composed of friend/foe narratives.
^ ^a ^b Nelson, Linda Williamson; Robison, Maynard T. (2013). "Which Americans Are More Equal and Why: The Linguistic Construction of Inequality in America". Race, Gender & Class. 20 (1/2): 294-306.
^ ^a ^b Polimédio, Chayenne (6 Ekim 2018). "Brazil's Fiery Far-Right Presidential Favorite Channels Trump". The Atlantic (İngilizce). 29 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023.
^ Kirby, Jen (2 Ocak 2019). "What you need to know about Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil's new far-right president". Vox (İngilizce). 29 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023.
^ Neto Manuel, Domingos ; Moreira Luis Gustavo, Guerreiro (January 2023). "Bolsonaro, the Last Colonizer". Latin American Perspectives. 50 (1): 47-63. doi:10.1177/0094582X221147598 . Under the ultraconservative Bolsonaro government, the state has been taken over by elites with rural and extractive capital who plan on exploiting the Amazon rain forest at any cost and see indigenous peoples as an obstacle to their goal.
^ "Japan emperor greets at celebration hosted by conservatives". AP News. 9 Kasım 2019. 24 Şubat 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Şubat 2023. Abe's key ultra-conservative supporter, Nippon Kaigi, or Japan Conference, was among the organizers Saturday.
^ "Ultra-nationalist school linked to Japanese PM accused of hate speech". The Guardian. 8 Temmuz 2020. 27 Ekim 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Mart 2017. Abe and Kagoike, who has indicated he will resign as principal, both belong to an ultra-conservative lobby group whose members include more than a dozen cabinet ministers.
^ "Tokyo's new governor defies more than glass ceiling". Deutsche Welle. 8 Temmuz 2020. 20 Kasım 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2016. In 2008, she made an unsuccessful run at the LDP's chairmanship. Following her defeat, she worked to build an internal party network and became involved in a revisionist group of lawmakers that serves as the mouthpiece of the ultraconservative Nippon Kaigi ("Japan Conference") movement.
^ Sohn, Yul; Pempel, T. J., (Ed.) (2018). Japan and Asia's Contested Order: The Interplay of Security, Economics, and Identity. Springer Science+Business Media. s. 148. ISBN 9789811302565 – Google Books vasıtasıyla. the reactionary group Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference)—has been waging war over its shared past with China and South Korea on battlegrounds ranging from Yasukuni Shrine to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
^ "Abe’s reshuffle promotes right-wingers 4 Eylül 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi." (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)
^ Jeff Kingston, (Ed.) (2019). The Politics of Religion, Nationalism, and Identity in Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. s. 241. ISBN 9781442276888. 11 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2023. In the 2012 election campaign that brought the ultraconservative Shinzo Abe back to power, the LDP expressed its opinion that no additional measures are required to protect the rights of gays and lesbians.
^ Debito Arudou, (Ed.) (2021). Embedded Racism: Japan's Visible Minorities and Racial Discrimination. Rowman & Littlefield. s. VIII. ISBN 9781793653963. 11 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2023. The ultraconservative Abe Shinzō government (2012–2020) became Japan's longest-running postwar administration, ...
^ Bryan Mark Rigg, (Ed.) (2020). Flamethrower: Iwo Jima Medal of Honor Recipient and U.S. Marine Woody Williams and His Controversial Award, Japan's Holocaust and the Pacific War. Fidelis Historia. ISBN 9781734534115. 11 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2023. This is especially the case with politicians in his current ruling party, The Liberal Democratic Party (which is really ultraconservative, not liberal).

Bilbiyografya

Far-right Vanguard: The Radical Roots of Modern Conservatism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2021. s. 136. ISBN 9780812253474.

[1] Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. ((Ed.)). "Ultraconservative". New Oxford American Dictionary (3.3yıl=2015 bas.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001. ISBN 9780199891535.

[FOOTNOTEHuntington20214Ultraconservatives_occupy_a_broad_section_of_the_right-wing_continuum,_wedged_between_conservative_pragmatists,_those_willing_to_moderate_their_views_and_work_with_the_political_center,_and_fringe_extremists._..._When_viewed_in_this_light,_the_far_right_shifts_from_the_periphery_to_the_core_of_the_conservative_typology.-2] Huntington 2021, s. 4, Ultraconservatives occupy a broad section of the right-wing continuum, wedged between conservative pragmatists, those willing to moderate their views and work with the political center, and fringe extremists. ... When viewed in this light, the far right shifts from the periphery to the core of the conservative typology..

[3] Barreiros, Mencía Montoya (10 Ocak 2023). "¿Qué es el neoconservadurismo?". El Orden Mundial (İspanyolca). 29 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023.

[FOOTNOTEHuntington20214-4] Huntington 2021, s. 4.

[:03-5] De Sá Guimarães, Feliciano; De Oliveira E Silva, Irma Dutra (March 2021). "Far-right populism and foreign policy identity: Jair Bolsonaro's ultra-conservatism and the new politics of alignment". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 97 (2): 345-346. doi:10.1093/ia/iiaa220. ultraconservative governments. This deep conservative identity-set emphasizes three interrelated national role conceptions: (1) an anti-globalist role, composed of narratives in opposition to international institutions; (2) a nationalist role, composed of pro-sovereignty narratives; and (3) an anti-foe role, composed of friend/foe narratives.

[:52-6] Nelson, Linda Williamson; Robison, Maynard T. (2013). "Which Americans Are More Equal and Why: The Linguistic Construction of Inequality in America". Race, Gender & Class. 20 (1/2): 294-306.

[:63-7] Polimédio, Chayenne (6 Ekim 2018). "Brazil's Fiery Far-Right Presidential Favorite Channels Trump". The Atlantic (İngilizce). 29 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023.

[8] Kirby, Jen (2 Ocak 2019). "What you need to know about Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil's new far-right president". Vox (İngilizce). 29 Nisan 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023.

[9] Neto Manuel, Domingos ; Moreira Luis Gustavo, Guerreiro (January 2023). "Bolsonaro, the Last Colonizer". Latin American Perspectives. 50 (1): 47-63. doi:10.1177/0094582X221147598 . Under the ultraconservative Bolsonaro government, the state has been taken over by elites with rural and extractive capital who plan on exploiting the Amazon rain forest at any cost and see indigenous peoples as an obstacle to their goal.

[10] "Japan emperor greets at celebration hosted by conservatives". AP News. 9 Kasım 2019. 24 Şubat 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Şubat 2023. Abe's key ultra-conservative supporter, Nippon Kaigi, or Japan Conference, was among the organizers Saturday.

[11] "Ultra-nationalist school linked to Japanese PM accused of hate speech". The Guardian. 8 Temmuz 2020. 27 Ekim 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Mart 2017. Abe and Kagoike, who has indicated he will resign as principal, both belong to an ultra-conservative lobby group whose members include more than a dozen cabinet ministers.

[12] "Tokyo's new governor defies more than glass ceiling". Deutsche Welle. 8 Temmuz 2020. 20 Kasım 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 2 Ağustos 2016. In 2008, she made an unsuccessful run at the LDP's chairmanship. Following her defeat, she worked to build an internal party network and became involved in a revisionist group of lawmakers that serves as the mouthpiece of the ultraconservative Nippon Kaigi ("Japan Conference") movement.

[13] Sohn, Yul; Pempel, T. J., (Ed.) (2018). Japan and Asia's Contested Order: The Interplay of Security, Economics, and Identity. Springer Science+Business Media. s. 148. ISBN 9789811302565 – Google Books vasıtasıyla. the reactionary group Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference)—has been waging war over its shared past with China and South Korea on battlegrounds ranging from Yasukuni Shrine to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

[2014_reshuffle2-14] "Abe’s reshuffle promotes right-wingers 4 Eylül 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi." (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)

[15] Jeff Kingston, (Ed.) (2019). The Politics of Religion, Nationalism, and Identity in Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. s. 241. ISBN 9781442276888. 11 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2023. In the 2012 election campaign that brought the ultraconservative Shinzo Abe back to power, the LDP expressed its opinion that no additional measures are required to protect the rights of gays and lesbians.

[16] Debito Arudou, (Ed.) (2021). Embedded Racism: Japan's Visible Minorities and Racial Discrimination. Rowman & Littlefield. s. VIII. ISBN 9781793653963. 11 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2023. The ultraconservative Abe Shinzō government (2012–2020) became Japan's longest-running postwar administration, ...

[17] Bryan Mark Rigg, (Ed.) (2020). Flamethrower: Iwo Jima Medal of Honor Recipient and U.S. Marine Woody Williams and His Controversial Award, Japan's Holocaust and the Pacific War. Fidelis Historia. ISBN 9781734534115. 11 Haziran 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2023. This is especially the case with politicians in his current ruling party, The Liberal Democratic Party (which is really ultraconservative, not liberal).

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